Chapter four - Types of geothermal resources and implication of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals摘要
The heat from the core and mantle of the Earth is the main source of geothermal energy. All the material that rises from the mantle and reaches the surface is marketable. Precious minerals, metals, and energy that evolve from the mantle are utilized by humans for our sustainable development. Geothermal energy, though known for centuries, was brought to light in 1904. Out of all the known renewable energy sources, geothermal is unique. Both hydrothermal and enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) can provide baseload electricity with over 90% efficiency and are not affected by external natural factors (related to weather). They can supply power and heat throughout the year. While hydrothermal systems are site-specific, EGS can be established anywhere on Earth. The land footprint and CO₂ emissions are also very low. In 1904 Prince Piero Ginori Conti, Mayor of Larderello, generated electricity from the thermal springs of Larderello, Italy. Prior to this, in 1827, boric acid was exploited from the Larderello thermal springs by Francois Jacques de Larderel. This site eventually became an experimental ground for generating electricity from geothermal energy, and the power plant (hydrothermal) established in 1904 is still in operation. With the development of EGS and the successful completion of a 9-hour circulation test followed by stimulation, EGS made a breakthrough and is on the verge of commercialization. From Iceland to Antarctica, carbon-free energy anywhere and everywhere supports all the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs).
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