The exploitation of oil resources has now extended to ultra-deep formations, with depths even exceeding 10,000 m. During drilling operations, the bottomhole temperature (BHT) can surpass 240 °C. Under such high-temperature conditions, measurement while drilling (MWD) instruments are highly likely to malfunction due to the inadequate temperature resistance of their electronic components. As a wellbore temperature control approach, the application of thermal insulated drill pipe (TIDP) has been proposed to manage the wellbore temperature in ultra-deep wells. This paper developed a temperature field model for ultra-deep wells by coupling the interactions of multiple factors on the wellbore temperature. For the first time, five distinct TIDP deployment methods were proposed, and their corresponding wellbore temperature variation characteristics were investigated, and the heat transfer laws of the ultra-deep wellbore-formation system were quantitatively elucidated. The results revealed that TIDP can effectively restrain the rapid rise in the temperature of the drilling fluid inside the drill string by reducing the heat flux of the drill string. Among the five deployment methods, the method of deploying TIDP from the bottomhole upwards exhibits the best performance. For a 12,000 m simulated well, when 6000 m of TIDP are deployed from the bottomhole upwards, the BHT decreases by 52 °C, while the outlet temperature increases by merely 1 °C. This not only achieves the objective of wellbore temperature control but also keeps the temperature of the drilling fluid at the outlet of annulus at a relatively low level, thereby reducing the requirements for the heat exchange equipment on the ground. The novel findings of this study provide significant guidance for wellbore temperature control in ultra-deep and ultra-high-temperature wells.