Environmental geological research, centered on the interaction between humans and the geological environment, is a critical field aimed at promoting harmony between human activities and the Earth system. It has garnered widespread attention in both domestic and international geological communities. This paper briefly reviews the historical development of environmental geology as a discipline and systematically summarizes the major advances and existing challenges in environmental geological research worldwide. In light of China’s ongoing ecological civilization initiatives and future development needs, the study emphasizes that environmental geology represents a vital mission for geological work in the new era. Future research should focus on key areas such as urban geology, sustainable utilization and management of water resources, monitoring and integrated prevention of geological hazards, protection of ecological and environmental systems, and studies related to the Earth's critical zone. The paper highlights the importance of interdisciplinary approaches and the systematic application of new technologies and methods, aiming to support the rational development of natural resources while safeguarding the geological environment.