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巴西是世界上淡水储量最大的国家。然而,这一重要的自然资源受到水消耗迅速增加和水质退化的威胁,这主要是人为压力造成的。随着经济活动和人口数量的不断扩张,气候变化明显改变了水文循环,水质下降已日益成为全球关注的重要问题。土地利用/土地覆盖(LULC)模式的变化被认为是水质恶化的主要原因,然而不同的土地利用/土地覆盖(LULC)类型和强度以不同的方式影响水质。此外,土地利用/土地覆盖(LULC)与水质的关系在不同的时空尺度上可能存在差异。巴西森林砍伐、农业推广和城市扩张的加剧更加突出了保护水质的必要性,这样才能确保人类的即时需求,保持长期供水质量。因此,本文概述了巴西土地利用的变化与水质之间的关系,旨在了解不同类型的土地利用/土地覆盖对水质的影响,从空间和时间尺度上如何影响这些效应,以及利用这些知识如何能改善流域管理和未来设想。总的来说,农业和城市的土地利用/土地覆盖是造成巴西水质退化的原因。然而,采矿虽然只占领土的一小部分,但对水质的影响很大。水质变量在不同的空间尺度上的反应不同,所以空间范围是研究和管理中需要考虑的一个重要方面。土地利用/土地覆被(LULC)对水质的影响也随季节变化,滞后效应意味着需要一段时间才能发生。森林恢复可以改善水质,多指标评价已被应用于确定森林恢复和保护的优先区域,旨在保护水质,但两者都需要进一步探索。流域模型已用于模拟土地利用/土地覆盖(LULC)变化对水质的未来影响,但必须提高数据的可用性,以增加研究的数量、地点和时间。由于流域的国际性以及巴西土地利用和水质之间的一贯关系,我们相信我们的研究成果也将有助于其他国家的水资源管理。
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