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近年来,锂的需求猛增,主要是由于三项国际条约《京都议定书》、《巴黎协定》和《联合国可持续发展目标》推动了运输和电力行业可再生能源和清洁储存技术的进一步整合,遏制了二氧化碳排放,限制了二氧化碳对气候变化的不利影响。2019年生产的锂中超过60%用于制造锂离子电池(LIB),这种小型高密度储能装置对低碳排放电动汽车(EV)非常关键,也是可再生能源如太阳能和风能的二次存储介质。2019年,锂的全球市场价值达到了2130亿美元左右,预计到2025年将增长约20-25%。本文对全球锂资源现状、锂资源物流状况以及未来锂资源供需动态预测等方面进行了探讨。还探讨了开采、加工和工业规模回收处理中的长期挑战,并介绍了解决这些问题的最新的创新技术。最后,探索了非常规的锂源,如海底/深海的铁锰结核和地壳,工业废物(如海水淡化卤水、地热卤水和粉煤灰)、采矿废物和废水以及地外物质等。
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